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Time piece from 23 to 25ns. This last slice is now nearly all blank, however a few of the walls are still revealing highly.

How deep are these pieces? The software application I have access to makes estimating the depth a little difficult. If, however, the leading 3 pieces represent the ploughsoil, which is most likely about 30cm think, I would guess that each piece is about 10cm and we are only getting down about 80cm in overall.

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Fortunately for us, many of the sites we have an interest in lie simply listed below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other methods? Comparison of the Earth Resistance data (leading left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time slice (top right) and the 1921ns time slice (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as talked about above, is a passive method determining local variations in magnetism against a localised no value. Magnetic vulnerability survey is an active technique: it is a step of how magnetic a sample of sediment might be in the existence of a magnetic field. Just how much soil is checked depends on the diameter of the test coil: it can be extremely small or it can be relatively large.

The sensing unit in this case is very little and samples a small sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic susceptibility meter with a large "field coil" in usage at Verulamium throughout the course in 2013. Leading soil will be magnetically boosted compared to subsoils merely due to natural oxidation and reduction.

By determining magnetic vulnerability at a reasonably coarse scale, we can discover locations of human occupation and middens. Sadly, we do not have access to a trustworthy mag sus meter, however Jarrod Burks (who helped teach at the course in 2013) has some outstanding examples. One of which is the Wildcat website in Ohio.

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These towns are often laid out around a main open location or plaza, such as this reconstructed example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. The magnetic vulnerability study helped, however, specify the primary area of occupation and midden which surrounded the more open location.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic vulnerability survey results from the Wildcat site, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The technique is therefore of terrific use in defining locations of general occupation instead of identifying specific features.

Geophysical surveying is an applied branch of geophysics, which uses seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic physical methodologies at the Earth's surface to determine the physical homes of the subsurface - Uses For Geophysical Data in Tapping WA 2023. Geophysical surveying methods normally determine these geophysical properties along with anomalies in order to examine various subsurface conditions such as the presence of groundwater, bedrock, minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, spaces and cavities, and far more.